How Australians are informed about and participate in democracy

The role of political parties and independent representatives in Australian democracy, including elections and the formation of governments

The characteristics of laws and how laws are made in Australia through parliaments (statutory law) and through the courts (common law)

The types of law in Australia, including criminal law and civil law, and the place of First Nations Australian customary law

How culture and religion may influence individuals' and groups' perceptions and expressions of citizenship and their actions as citizens

Different experiences of, perspectives on and debates about Australia’s national identity and citizenship, including the perspectives of First Nations Australians as owners of their respective nations, and of different migrant groups